Professor William Cartwright

Extended Profile

William Cartwright is Professor of Cartography and Geographical Visualization in the School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences at RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, where he specialises in the application of New Media technologies to Cartography. He joined the University after spending a number of years in both the government and private sectors of the mapping industry. He holds undergraduate qualifications in Cartography and graduate qualifications in education, media studies, information and communication technology education and graphic design. He is President of the International Cartographic Association and a member of the ICA’s Commission on Geographical Visualization and and the Commission on Maps and the Internet. He chairs the ICA Working Group on Art and Cartography.

SUMMARY
Over twenty-five years experience in the tertiary education sector in Australia, Great Britain, Austria and Spain. Focussed research on New Media applications to the depiction of geospatial information since 1984. On-going research and applied research applications have explored the potential of new approaches for cartography. 

QUALIFICATIONS 
Diploma of Applied Science (RMIT) 
Bachelor of Applied Science (VIC) 
Doctor of Philosophy (Melb) 
Doctor of Education (RMIT)
Graduate Diploma in Education (HIE) 
Graduate Diploma in Media Studies (Victoria College) 
Graduate Diploma in Information and Communications Technology Education (Melb) 
Graduate Diploma in Graphic Communication Education (Melb) 
Certificate of Survey Drafting (RMIT) 

ACADEMIC POSTS: 

Current: Professor, School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, 1979-. 
Guest Professor, Departamento de Ing. Topográfica y Cartografía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Guest Professor, Institut für Geoinformation und Kartographie, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, summer semester 2004.
Guest Professor, Institut für Geographie, Universität Wien, Austria, winter semesters 1998/99, 2001/02; summer semester 2003.
Visiting fellow, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, September 1997. 
Lecturer Department of Geography, Portsmouth University, United Kingdom, 1985/86. 

MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS: 
Fellow, Royal Geographical Society 
Fellow, British Cartographic Society (BCS)
Honorary Fellow, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia (MSIA) 
Honorary Fellow, Spatial Sciences Institute  (SSI)
Member, Australian Map Circle (AMC) 
Member, Society of Cartographers, UK (SoC)

EDITORIAL BOARDS:
Member of Editorial Board and Editor for the Pacific Rim, The Cartographic Journal, Journal of the British Cartographic Society
Member of Editorial Board, Transactions in GIS (USA/UK), Blackwell Publishers.
Member of Editorial Board, Cartographica, Journal of the Canadian Geomatics Association
Member or the Advisory Panel, The History of Cartography Project, Volume 6, The University of Chicago Press.
Member, Editorial Council, Brazilian Journal of Cartography, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Cartography, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

SUPERVISION OF GRADUATE STUDENTS:

Currently the senior supervisor of one M App Sci candidate and seven PhD students at RMIT. Second supervisor of one PhD student in Design and Social Context Portfolio, RMIT.  All candidates are undertaking research into the application of New Media to the spatial sciences. 

Research and Consultancy 

Research has been undertaken in the area of the application of electronic media as a tool for the dissemination of geographical information since 1985. Early innovative research was conducted into the application of New Media to the spatial sciences and the development of videodisc, CD-ROM and Web applications for geographical information visualization. This research has linked New Media, especially using digital interactive multimedia on videodisc, CD-ROM and the Web, to the visualization of spatial data. 

In 1987 produced, the Queenscliff Videodisc, which is one of the few interactive videodiscs produced in Australia. The videodisc formed part of RMIT’s display in the Science Fair, held at the World Convention Centre in 1993. Later versions of the product were published on CD-ROM and the Web. This research and was formalised through the concept of a GeoExploratorium, a hybrid CD-ROM/Web resource that enabled users to understand geography by exploring geographical space using metaphors that were user-driven. This was a system for providing access to Rich Media through the use of a metaphor ‘suite’ that could aid the building of Geographical Knowledge. Further explorations formalized how multimedia might be employed for enhancing map-delivered geographical information. 

A current research and development program is addressing this problem by developing a (geo)information realisation resource based on the concepts of the GeoExploratorium. It has as its main goal to provide tools for Geographical Knowledge building. The Townsville prototype is being developed to incorporate both multimedia and GIS elements, accessed through the appropriate use of metaphors. 

Collaborative research has been undertaken with international colleagues as part of the asssociation with the International Cartographic Association’s (ICA) Commission on Visualiization and Virtual Environments. Work has also begun on applying 'rules' developed with the GeoExploratorium for other applications. 

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G. (eds), 2007, Multimedia Cartography Edition 2, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Cartwright, W. E. and Peterson, M. P., 2007, "Multimedia Cartography", Multimedia Cartography Edition 2, Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G.(eds), Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1 – 10.

Cartwright, W. E., 2007, "Development of Multimedia", Multimedia Cartography Edition 2, Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G.(eds), Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 11 – 34.

Cartwright, W. E., 2007, "From mapping Physical and Human Geographies to Mapping ‘Personal Geographies’: Privacy and Security Issues", Multimedia Cartography Edition 2, Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G.(eds), Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 455 - 470.

Cartwright, W. E., 2007, "Postscript to Multimedia Cartography", Multimedia Cartography Edition 2, Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G.(eds), Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 523 - 530.

Cartwright, W. E., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2007, “Realizing the Literate Traveller”, Transactions in GIS, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. , vol. 11, issue 1, pp. 9 - 27.

Cartwright, W. E., 2007, “Multimedia”, Companion Encyclopaedia of Geography: From Local to Global, Douglas, I., Huggett, R. and Perkins, C. (eds.), Oxford: Routledge, pp. 625 - 640.

Cartwright, W., 2007, “Web2.0 and Collaborative Publishing”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2007, Hobart: Spatial Sciences Institute.

Cartwright, W. E., 2006, “Exploring the use of a Virtual Map Shop as an Interface for Accessing Geographical Information”, Geographic Hypermedia, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series, Stefanakis, E., Peterson, M. P., Armenakis, C. and Delis, V. (eds.), Springer-Verlag, 73 - 95.

Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G, 2006, “New Media: From Discrete, to Distributed, to Mobile, to Ubiquitous”, Geographic Hypermedia, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series, Stefanakis, E., Peterson, M. P., Armenakis, C. and Delis, V. (eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 23 - 36.

Cartwright, W. E., 2006, “Exploring Games and Gameplay as a Means of Accessing and Using Geographical Information”, Special Edition of Human IT, Borås, Sweden: University College of Borås.

Cartwright, W. E.., 2006, “Using Multimedia Surrogate Travel Tools for better understanding Local Geography”, proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6420, Wuhan, China: The International Society for Optical Engineering, ISSN 0277-786X, ISBN 0-8194-6529-1, pp. 642024-1 – 642024-7.

Cartwright, W. E., 2006, “Web-Delivered 3D Collaborative Decision-making Tools”, Manual of GIS, Madden, M. (ed), Bethesda, MD: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, (accepted for publication, in press).

Cartwright, W. E., 2006, “Multimedia and Geography”, Companion Encyclopaedia of Geography: From Local to Global, Douglas, I., Huggett, R. and Perkins, C. (eds.), Routledge, (accepted for publication ,in press).

Cartwright, W. E., 2005, “Linking geographical facts with cartographic artifacts”, Cybercartography, Taylor, D. R. F. (ed.), Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 331 – 338.

Cartwright, W. E., 2005, “Mapping in a Digital Age”, Handbook of Geographic Information Science, J. P. Wilson and A. S. Fotheringham eds. Oxford: Blackwell publishers, (accepted for publication ,in press).

Cartwright , W. E., 2005, “Exploring Games and Gameplay as a Means of Accessing and Using Geographical Information”, Special Edition of Human IT , Borås, Sweden: University College of Borås, (in press).

Cartwright , W. E., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2005, “Realizing the Literate Traveller”, Transactions in GIS , Blackwell Publishing Ltd, ( accepted for publication ,in press).

Cartwright , W. E., Pettit, C., Nelson, A. and Berry, M., 2005, “Towards an Understanding of how the ‘Geographical Dirtiness' (complexity) of a Virtual Environment Changes User Perceptions of a Space” , proceedings of MODSIM Conference, Melbourne, December, 2005.

Cartwright , W., 2005, “Developing a Virtual Map Shop as an Interface for Accessing Geographical Information”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

Cartwright , W. E., 2005, “Exploring the use of a Virtual Map Shop as an Interface for Accessing Geographical Information”, Geographic Hypermedia: Concepts and Systems, the First International Workshop on geographic Hypermedia , Denver, Colorado, April 4 – 5, 2005, Stefanakis, E., Peterson, M. P., Armenakis, C. and Delis, V. (eds.).

Cartwright , W., S Miller, S. & Pettit, C., 2004, Geographical Visualization: Past, Present and Future Development, Journal of Spatial Science , Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 25 - 36.

Cartwright , W. E., 2004, “Engineered Serendipity: thoughts on the design of conglomerate containing geoviz tools and geographical new media artefacts”, Transactions in GIS , January 2004, vol. 8, issue 1, pp. 1-12 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Cartwright , W. E., 2004, “Exploring and Discovering Geographical Facts Using Geographical Storytelling”, proceedings of Image, Text & Sound International Conference, Melbourne: School of Creative Media, RMIT Publishing, ISBN 0864593546.

Cartwright , W.E., 2004, “Delivering Education in Cartography: Content, collaboration and communication”, proceedings of GeoCart2003 National Cartographic Conference , Taupo, New Zealand: New Zealand Cartographic Society, pp. 23 – 34, ISBN-0-476-00768-2.

Cartwright , W., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2003, “ Realizing the ‘ Literate Traveller' ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute : Canberra.

Cartwright , W.E., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2003, “Geographical Visualization Using Rich Media and Enhanced GIS”, proceedings of MODSIM Conference , Townsville, July 2003.

Cartwright, W. E., 2003, “Maps on the Web”, Maps and the Internet, Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 35 – 56.

Cartwright, W. E., 2002, “From Printing Maps to Satisfy Demand to Printing maps on Demand”, C-2-C Series, Common Ground Publishing, pp.81 - 95.

Cartwright , W. E., 2002, “Building a Better Mousetrap: design Considerations for the Provision of Appropriate Interfaces for Enhancing the Access to and Use of Geographical Information”, Cartography , Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 77 - 86.

Cartwright , W. E.. and Heath, G., 2002, “Geography as Seen from the Window: Findings About Viewpoint-Specific Images of Geography Defined by Tools of Visualization”, Cartography , Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 103 - 117..

Cartwright , W.E. And Hunter, G.J., 2001, “Towards A Methodology For The Evaluation Of Multimedia Geographical Information Products “, Geoinformatica , Vol. 5, No. 3 , pp. 291 – 315.

Cartwright , W.E., 2001, “An On-line Course in Multimedia Cartography – a Proposal for a Collaborative International Education program”, Journal of the South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) , July, pp. 95 - 104.

Cartwright , , W., Crampton, , J., Gartner, , G., Miller, , S., Mitchell, , K., Siekierska, , E. and Wood, , J., 2001, "User Interface Issues for Spatial Information Visualization”, CaGIS , vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 45 – 60.

Cartwright, W.E., 2001, "New Media and Geographical Visualization: Space and Place", The Globe, no. 51, pp. 17 - 27.

Cartwright, W.E., 2001, " Future cartographies: where to now?", SoC Bulletin, vol 35, no. 1, pp. 17 – 28. 

Cartwright, W.E., 2001, "Understanding map projections". The Globe, no. 50, pp. 54 - 58. 

Cartwright, W. E., 2001, “Research Initiatives in Geospatial Science at RMIT”, proceedings of SIRC 2001Colloquium, Dunedin, New Zealand, December, pp. 89 - 103. 

Cartwright, W. E., 2001, “Applying the GeoExploratorium to geography teaching programmes”, proceedings of the 19th International Cartographic Conference, Beijing, Chiina: International Cartographic Association, August, vol. 3 .,pp. 1748 – 1755. 

Cartwright, W. E., 2001, “Proposal for a Collaborative On-line Course in Multimedia Cartography”, proceedings of GeoCart2001 National Cartographic Conference, Taupo, New Zealand: New Zealand Cartographic Society 

Cartwright, W.E., 2000, “Looking Back and Looking Forward: The Development of Multimedia Cartography and the Evolution of a Unique Geographical Information Presentation”, The Globe, no. 49, pp.41 - 56.

Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G.(eds), 1999, Multimedia Cartography , Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.   

Research projects

GeoExploratorium 
An investigation into the use of non-map metaphors

A prototype, given the name GeoExploratorium was used to test one of the methods of multimedia evaluation. The underlying concept behind the product was that in many cases users of the system 'browse’ the interface to ‘see’ the types of elements about which the complete spatial database could be interrogated to elaborate and expand upon. Once the multimedia interface user has found the general type of information they needed, they can then interrogate the information provided and, when built, link to a GIS package ‘behind’ the interface and interrogate that GIS system for more precise and concise database information. The interactive package was built to test a combination of metaphors in addition to the map metaphor. It contained information about buildings of architectural significance in a small township, providing a multimedia historical and geographic information base. It was developed as a combination discrete/distributed multimedia product. The discrete unit contained a coordinated collection of different types of information that can be readily accessed on demand. A package of mapping, photographic and video screen frames was supported by a textual base that offers information about the images displayed. 

References:

Cartwright, W.E., 2004, “Using the web for focussed geographical storytelling via gameplay”, proceedings of UPIMap 2004, The First international Joint Workshop on Ubiquitous, Pervasive and Internet Mapping, Tokyo, Japan: International Cartographic Association Commission on Ubiquitous Cartography, pp. 89 - 109.

Cartwright, W. E., 2001, “Applying the GeoExploratorium to geography teaching programmes”, proceedings of the 19th International Cartographic Conference, Beijing, Chiina: International Cartographic Association, August, vol. 3 .,pp. 1748 – 1755.

Space and Place 

Nowaday's precise geo-scientific documents provide the tools for exploration and discovery, accurate tools of warfare, records of new lands and settlements, depictions of communications and national development and artifacts for tourists and conveyances for armchair travellers. They are useful, accurate and powerful information provision tools. But one might consider that maps can depict different information to different users who ‘see’ and place and space as two different things, but usually do not see them as altogether different concepts? 

Do the ‘tools’ for geographical visualization change the viewpoint of space or place and therefore, if so, is a ‘jaundiced’ view of (geographical) reality provided which aids in the construction of a particular mental map and thus an individual’s perception of place and space. What does this mean for the providers of tools to assist in the teaching of geography? And, is it better to provide tools for exploration that enable users to consider place as well as space?

References:

Cartwright, W. E.. and Heath, G., 2002, “Geography as Seen from the Window: Findings About Viewpoint-Specific Images of Geography Defined by Tools of Visualization”, Cartography, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 103 - 117.

Cartwright, W.E., 2001, "New Media and Geographical Visualization: Space and Place", The Globe, no. 51, pp. 17 - 27.

Townsville Geoknowledge Project 

The Townsville prototype is being developed to incorporate both multimedia and GIS elements, accessed through the appropriate use of metaphors, in the first instance incorporating Cartwright’s Sage metaphor with Bob William’s SAGE concept. The prototype was designed for World Wide Web browser delivery, requiring minimal plug-ins – for Flash and QuickTime movies. As this is being used as a test bed for the GeoExploratorium two access interfaces have been provided as part of the initial interface, a ‘map’ of information resources and a 3D Information Landscape that the user can move through. 

Work continues on this project and an overall 3D Map shop VRML interface is being ‘built’. This will provide an intuitive way in which users can initially gain ‘entry’ into the virtual map shop. Also, a documentary and photographic archive is being sourced. This will be used to provide ‘non-cartographic’ artifacts to explore the information space. Also, an associated and complimentary product is being developed as part of this overall project. What if scenario modelling, using GIS to provide projected scenarios to assist decision-making is underway. It is proposed that this product will be used in conjunction with the multimedia product. 

This research is supported through a research grant from the Department of Defence, Australia, and particularly the Command and Control Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, South Australia. 

References:

Cartwright, W., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2003, “Rich Media and enhanced GIS: theoretical background and profile of an exploration into innovative ways to (geo)informate”, proceedings of the ISPRS Workshop on Spatial Analysis and Decision Making, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: Hong Kong (forthcoming).

Cartwright, W.E., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2003, “Geographical Visualization Using Rich Media and Enhanced GIS”, proceedings of MODSIM Conference, Townsville, July 2003.

Cartwright, W., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2003, “Realizing the ‘Literate Traveller’”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute: Canberra.

Cartwright, W. E. and Williams, B., 2003, “Exploration of the potential of using the concept of the GeoExploratorium for facilitating acquisition of Geographical Knowledge: First cut”, proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Conference, Durban, South Africa: International Cartographic Association, August.

Geographical Storytelling
An investigation into the application of the storytelling metaphor.

When multimedia was ‘new’ a number of writers, commented about the needs for the geosciences for not only providing ‘location’ information, but also ‘enhanced’ geographical information.  Langran (1992) submitted that it is important to know that change has occurred and it is also important to try to understand what possible factors affected the change.  Papert (1993) saw that certain things must be taken into consideration if one is to properly address the use of ‘different”’ geo-spatial depicters, those that allow users to construct their own mindsets of data and hence their own interpretation of geographic phenomena.  Geographical storytelling looks at the application of the map metaphor to provision a resource that determines how best to construct New Media tools to facilitate ‘good’ storytelling about things geographical  And, the geography that can be ‘mapped’ in different ways using New Media can be not just the physical or human world, but the cultural and spiritual worlds as well.
For geography, stories can just provide statements of facts, where no embellishment is required and the user only wants to know 'the facts'. These facts can be stand-alone, or supported by 'on-line' experts who are able to give expert opinions on the geographical space being explored. It may be a narrative, where a documentary-type video, supported by a comprehensive, and interactive, narrative can 'walk' a user through 'unknown territory'. Users may construct their own story, or be 'talked' through an area, where they construct a story using programme support materials and aural navigation aids. Finally they may decide that they wish to experience a landscape by investigating a 'literate landscape' by being told a story.
When producing conventional mapping products the terms of scale, symbolisation, classification and generalisation are used to define the amount of information provided and the detail illustrated.  It is argued that the same terms can be applied to Geographical Storytelling, whereby the stories are geographically referenced and ‘scaled’ and their contents classified and generalised (ie more generalised stories developed).  Methodologies need to be developed and trialled so as to provide ‘best practice’ guidelines for building such products.  For example, when using scale the amount of detail that a story provides is determined by the scale chosen.  A very small scale will cover a large area, but only provide general details.  At a large scale a much smaller geographical ‘footprint’ is made, and the story provided will contain much more detailed text.  Accordingly, scale determines how much a reader can ‘zoom’ into a story.  Similarly, how information is symbolised dictates the genre of the story.  Classification allows for similar stories to be clustered and assembled in a hierarchy.  Generalisation is directly related to scale – the smaller the scale the greater the generalisation of the storytelling.

This research will use geographically-referenced interactive New Media artefacts to tell stories related to the geographies of indigenous peoples.  It will address the methods needed to intertwine real geographies with spiritual geographies.  Also, it will build and test a ‘proof-of –concept’ product that will be used to link geo-referenced significant landscapes, places and art that can be used to ‘ground truth’ the collection of geographical stories.  This product will be built with contemporary New Media tools that can be employed to navigate through the story ‘place’ and to link between the various component parts of the product so as to provide a usable interpretation tool.

Langran, G., 1992, “States, Events and Evidence: The principle Entities of a Temporal GIS”, GIS/LIS ‘92 Proceedings. San Jose: ACSM-ASPRS-URISA-AM/FM, vol. 1, pp 416 - 435.
Papert, S, 1993, The Children’s Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer, New York: BasicBooks.

References:

Senbergs, Z., Cartwright, W. E., Black, M. Greenspan, B., and Arrowsmith, C., 2005, “Geographical Storeytelling ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

Cartwright , W. E., 2004, “Exploring and Discovering Geographical Facts Using Geographical Storytelling”, proceedings of Image, Text & Sound International Conference, Melbourne: School of Creative Media, RMIT Publishing, ISBN 0864593546.

Public participation and geographical visualization tools

A collaborative investigation into the use of geographical visualization tools for community decision-making support.
With Professor Mike Berry, Dr Anitra Nelson (both from Design and Social Context, RMIT) and Dr Chris Pettit (Department of Primary Industries, Victoria). 

A project is underway to supplement these processes with a World Wide Web (Web)-delivered interactive 3D tool. What was proposed to members of the Jewell Urban Village community group, which operates in an inner urban area of Melbourne, Australia, was to provision them with a Web-delivered VRML product that would allow them to ‘build’ and assess 3D scenarios as part of a collaborative group at face-to-face meetings or individually, on-line.  The tool has been developed using Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) and designed to be delivered via the Web, and used at home or at Internet cafes that are located in the application area and thus easily accessible by community members.  It will also be used at meetings, where the tool is ‘driven’ by an experienced operator to support collaborative meetings and discussions

The focus of the application is to evaluate qualitative components of proposed urban planning and development scenarios visualization tool that depicts the environment as a naïve representation of the real environment.  As the collaborative decision-making team has a comprehensive and detailed knowledge of the study area the methods of decision-making that can be completed using the package will be evaluated against the more traditional tools.

This project is partially supported by a RMIT University Virtual Research and Innovation Institutes (VRII) Grant.

References:

Cartwright , W. E., Pettit, C., Nelson, A. and Berry, M., 2005, “Towards an Understanding of how the ‘Geographical Dirtiness' (complexity) of a Virtual Environment Changes User Perceptions of a Space” , In Zerger, A. and Argent, R.M. (eds) MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, December 2005, pp. 3037–3044 . ISBN: 0-9758400-2-9. http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/cartwright.pdf .

Cartwright , W. E. Pettit, C., Nelson, A. and Berry, M., 2005, “Community collaborative decision-making tools: determining the extent of ‘geographical dirtiness' for effective displays”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.

Cartwright, W. E., Pettit, C., Nelson, A. and Berry, M., 2004, “Building community collaborative decision-making tools based on the concepts of naive geography”, GIScience 2004, Washington, D. C., USA: Association of American Geographers.

Nelson, A., Berry, M., Pettit, C., and Cartwright, W., 2004, Direct governance-the challenges of public participatory planning support systems, Proceeding of the Community Development and Human Rights at the Grassroots Conference, 14-17 April 2004, Melbourne.

Pettit, C. Nelson, A. Cartwright, W., 2004, Using On-line Geographical Visualisation Tools to Improve Land Use Decision-Making with a Bottom-up Community Participatory Approach, Recent Advanced in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning (Eds. J.P. von Leeuwen & H J.P. Timmermans), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 53 – 68.

Pettit, C., Cartwright, W.E., More, G. and Burry, M., 2003, “Synthesizing Visual and Acoustic City information for Understanding and Navigation”, proceedings of GeoCart2003 National Cartographic Conference, Taupo, New Zealand: New Zealand Cartographic Society.

MapShop

The Map Shop theory was conceived as a virtual resource that provides geographical information through the conventional tools of maps, air photographs etc., but also via books, games, videos and expert advice (Cartwright, 1998).  From explorations of the use of New Media for the provision of geographical information the idea was developed that using a 3D product that is designed to appear to be more game-like might provide an appropriate tool schema, and one that the further development of the Virtual Map Shop (and associated research) should take.  The interest here is related to developing and testing strategies that would provide innovative access to geographical information, but also ensure that users acknowledge that they are in fact using a scientific product. 

To enable a ‘proof-of-concept’ product to be constructed using the concepts of gaming VRML was used to develop a Virtual Map Shop.  This application was designed to emulate what the user might like to find by exploring the virtual space in a serendipitous way, with the actual information access and subsequent provision engineered so as to ensure that all needed information was assured.   The Map Shop was designed to contain similar information to that contained within the Townsville GeoKnowledge New Media composite product (see Cartwright et al., 2003 for a complete description of this project).  It was envisaged that the user would access the information access ‘cues’ in a serendipitous way and in so doing, ‘discover’ information about the town. 

References:

Cartwright, W. E., 1998, The Use of Multimedia for the Visualization of Geographical Phenomena, unpublished PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne.

Cartwright, W., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2003b, “Realizing the ‘Literate Traveller’”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute: Canberra.

Cartwright , W., 2005, “Developing a Virtual Map Shop as an Interface for Accessing Geographical Information”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

Collaborative research

GeoMultimedia

Cartwright, W. E., Gartner, G., Riedl, A. and Uhlirz, S., 2001, “Multimedia Cartography for realising GeoMultimedia”, proceedings of CEUS.

Cartwright, W. E., Gartner, G. and Riedl, A., 2001, “GeoMultimedia and Multimedia Cartography”, proceedings of CORP 2001, Wien, Austria: Technischen Universität, pp. 245 – 251.

Geographical Visualization

Cartwright, W. E., Williams, B. and Pettit, C., 2007, “Realizing the Literate Traveller”, Transactions in GIS, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. , vol. 11, issue 1, pp. 9 - 27.

Xia, J., Arrowsmith, C., Jackson, M. and Cartwright, W. E., forthcoming, “The Wayfinding Process - Relationships between Decision making and landmark Utility”, Tourism Management.  Accepted for publication.

Pettit, C. and Cartwright , W. E., 2005 , “ Imagining the Future using 3D Geographical Visualization ”, CUPM proceedings, London: University College London.

Cartwright, W., S Miller, S. & Pettit, C., 2004, Geographical Visualization: Past, Present and Future Development, Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 25 - 36.

Cartwright,, W., Crampton,, J., Gartner,, G., Miller,, S., Mitchell,, K., Siekierska,, E. and Wood,, J., 2001, "User Interface Issues for Spatial Information Visualization”, CaGIS, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 45 – 60. 

Multimedia Cartography

Cartwright, W.E. and Miller, S., 2000, “Setting a research agenda for multimedia cartography”, proceedings of Mapping Sciences 2000, Sydney: Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia.

Pettit, C., Cartwright, W.E., More, G. and Burry, M., 2004, “Synthesizing Visual and Acoustic City information for Understanding and Navigation”, proceedings of GeoCart2003 National Cartographic Conference, Taupo, New Zealand: New Zealand Cartographic Society, pp. 97 – 105, ISBN-0-476-00768-2.

Education

Cartwright , W. E., 2005, “Delivering Education with Contemporary Tools”, Joint ICA Commissions Seminar, Internet-Based Cartographic Teaching and Learning: Atlases, Map Use, and Visual Analytics , Madrid, 6-8 July 2005.

Cartwright, W.E., Deakin, R. E. and McNaught, C., 2000, “Development of a multimedia learning package for map projections”, Cartography, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 77 - 83.

Cartwright, W.E., Edwards, N. F., Fraser, D. D. and Pupedis, G., 2000, “From Cartography to Multimedia Cartography: the metamorphosis of an educational programme”, proceedings of Mapping Sciences 2000, Sydney: Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia.

Edwards, N., Cartwright, W. and Grenfell, R., 2000, “Sustainability of surveying education: a case study of the surveying degree at RMIT University”, proceedings of the Trans-Tasman Surveying Conference, Queenstown, New Zealand, August.

Shortis, M. R., and Cartwright, W. E., 2002, “Enhanced teaching and learning in spatial science courses”’, International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 34(6):25-34.

Shortis, M. and Cartwright, W., 2000, “An Overview of Curriculum Transformation and Multimedia Delivery”, proceedings of the Trans-Tasman Surveying Conference, Queenstown, New Zealand, August.

Atlas design and production

Anderson, S. and Cartwright , W., 2005, “Developing the Illustrated World Atlas”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.

Internet cartography

Black, M. and Cartwright , W., 2005, “Web Cartography & Web-enabled Geographic Information Systems (GIS) New Possibilities, New Challenges”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.

Related research undertaken by graduate students

Basic, F., Handmer, J. and Cartwright , W. E., 2005, “Communicating flood risks to the public using a digital visualization process”, In Zerger, A. and Argent, R.M. (eds) MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, December 2005, pp. 2790 – 2796 . ISBN: 0-9758400-2-9. http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/basic.pdf .
Basic, F., Cartwright , W. and Handmer, J., 2005, “Using GeoVis tools to communicate flood warnings to the public”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.
Basic, F., Cartwright, W. E. and Handmer, J., 2003, “Geographic Visualization tools for communicating the risk of floods”, proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Conference, Durban, South Africa: International Cartographic Association, August.

da Silva Ramos, C., Cartwright, W. E. and Dion de Almeida, R., 2007, "Scalable Vector Graphics and Web map Publishing", Multimedia Cartography Edition 2, Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G.(eds), Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 427 - 440.
da Silva Ramos, C. and Cartwright, W. E., 2006, “Atlases from Paper to Digital Medium”, Geographic Hypermedia, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series, Stefanakis, E., Peterson, M. P., Armenakis, C. and Delis, V. (eds.), Springer-Verlag, 97 - 119.
Ramos, C., Cartwright , W. E. and Doin de ALMEIDA, R., 2005, “Expanding Map Access For Brazilian Children: An Open Source Template For Publishing School Atlases On The Web”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.
da Silva Ramos, C., Cartwright, W. and Dion de Almeida, R., 2003, “Internet Atlases for Teaching Geography: current situation and trends”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute: Canberra.
da Silva Ramos, C. and Cartwright, W. E.., 2003, “Uso de Cartografia e Multimídia para o Ensino de Geografia”, (in Portugese).

Feureuherdt, C., Cartwright, W., Black, M., 2005, “ Using Mobile Augmented Reality to Communicate Modelling Outputs ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.
Feurherdt, C., Cartwright , W. and Black, M., 2005, “Exploring Future Landscapes Using Virtual Environments", proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.
Feuerherdt, C. and Cartwright , W. E., 2005, “ Augmented Reality for assessing future landscapes ”, Joint ICA Commissions Seminar, Internet-Based Cartographic Teaching and Learning: Atlases, Map Use, and Visual Analytics , Madrid, 6-8 July 2005.

Germanchis, T., Cartwright, W. E. and Pettit, C., 2007, "Virtual Queenscliff: A Computer game Approach for Depicting Geography", Multimedia Cartography Edition 2, Cartwright, W. E., Peterson, M. P. and Gartner, G.(eds), Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 359 - 368.
Germanchis, T. A., Cartwright, W. E. and Pettit, C. J., 2005, “Improving Human Spatial Cognition of Built Environments Using Computer gaming Technology ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.
Germanchis, T., Pettit, C. and Cartwright , W., 2005, “Using Computer Gaming Technology To Explore Human Wayfinding And Navigation Abilities Within A Built Environment”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.
Germanchis, T., Pettit, C., Cartwright, W., 2004, Building a Three-Dimensional Geospatial Virtual Environment on Games Technology, Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 89 - 96.
Germanchis, T., Pettit, C. and Cartwright, W., 2003, “Building a three-dimensional geospatial Virtual Environment on games technology”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute: Canberra.
Germanchis, T. and Cartwright, W. E., 2003, “The potential to use games engines and games software to develop interactive, three-dimensional visualizations of geography”, proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Conference, Durban, South Africa: International Cartographic Association, August,.

Harkin, D., Cartwright , W. E. and Black, M., 2005, “'User Assessment for Developing Optimal Cartographic Representation Models Within An Australian Mobile Location-Based Services Travel Application”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.

Johnston, B. and Cartwright, W.E., 2000, “An historical overview of games and the spatial sciences within the learning environment”, Cartography, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 67 - 75.

Nevile, L. and Cartwright, W. E.., 2002, “Web technologies as accessible cartography”, proceedings of the 2002 Conference, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, (CD-ROM).

Ngo, K. J., Cartwright, W. and Bellman, C., 2003, “The potential for the use of XML/GML/SVG for map generation and delivery”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute: Canberra.

Shaw, D., Cartwright, W. E. and Arrowsmith, C. A., 2002, “A Comparative History of New Geographies”, Cartography, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 73 – 86.
Shaw, D., Cartwright, W. E. and Arrowsmith, C. A., 2002, “A Comparative History of New Geographies”, proceedings of the 2002 Conference, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, (CD-ROM).
Shaw, D. and Cartwright, W.E., 2000, “An investigation into other ‘geographies’ and their depiction”, proceedings of Mapping Sciences 2000, Sydney: Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia.

Stevenson, J. and Cartwright, W. E.., 2002, “Web map publishing toolbox”, proceedings of the 2002 Conference, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia (CD-ROM).
Stevenson, J.. and Cartwright, W.E., 2000, “A Toolbox For Publishing Maps On The World Wide Web”, Cartography, Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 85 - 96.

Urquhart, K., Cartwright, W. Miller, S., Mitchell, K., Benda, P., 2004, Exploring the Usefulness of Cartographic Representations for Location-Based Services in an Australian Context, Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 71 - 88.
Urquhart, K., Miller, S. and Cartwright, W. E., 2004, “A user-centered research approach to designing useful geospatial representations for LBS”, proceedings of the 2^nd Symposium on Location Based Services and TeleCartography, G. Gartner (ed.), Wien, Austria: TU Wien/International Cartographic Association Commission on Maps and the Internet.
Urquhart, K., Cartwright, W., Miller, S., Mitchell, K., Quirion, C., and Benda, P., “Exploring the usefulness of cartographic representations for location-based services in an Australian context”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute: Canberra.
Urquhart, K., Cartwright, W., Miller, S., Mitchell, K., Quirion, C., and Benda, P., 2003, “Ensuring useful cartographic representations in location-based services”, proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Conference, Durban, South Africa: International Cartographic Association, August.

Wealands, K., Cartwright, W., Miller, S. and Brenda, P., 2007, “From user input to preliminary design models: representing geospatial information within mobile Location-Based Services”, Transactions in GIS, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  vol 11, issue no. 2. 
Wealands, K., Cartwright, W., Miller, S. and Brenda, P., 2005, “ From user input to preliminary design models: representing geospatial information within mobile Location-Based Services”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.
Wealands, K., Cartwright , W. E. Miller, S. and Brenda, P., 2005, “Decomposing the map: Using Head-up Display for Vehicle Navigation”, proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain: International Cartographic Association, July, CD-ROM.

Walker, T., Cartwright, W.E., and Miller, S., 2000, “An Investigation Into the Methodologies of Producing a Web-based Multimedia Atlas of Victoria”, Cartography, Mapping Sciences Institute, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 31 - 65.

Related research undertaken by Honours students

Black, J., Arrowsmith, C., Black, M. and Cartwright, W. E., forthcoming, “A Comparison of Techniques for Visualizing Fire behaviour”, Transactions in GIS, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Accepted for publication.

Butler, R., Cartwright, W., Black, M. and Arrowsmith, C., 2005, “Will Privacy and Security Compromise the Further Development of location-Dependent, Internet-Delivered, Geographically-Related Services? ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

Lerm, R. E., Black, M., Cartwright, W. and Arrowsmith, C., 2005, “The Use of Cartographic Representations to Support Decision-making Related to Broadhectare Land Development ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

Ngo, K. J., Cartwright , W. and Bellman, C., 2003, “The potential for the use of XML/GML/SVG for map generation and delivery”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2003, Spatial Sciences Institute : Canberra.

Pham, M., Cartwright, W., Black, M. and Arrowsmith, C., 2005, “Investigating Cartographic Techniques for Communicating Environmental Issues ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

Plesa, M. and Cartwright, W. E., 2007, “An evaluation of the effectiveness of non-realistic 3d graphics for city maps on small screen devices”, Dynamic & Mobile GIS: Investigating Change in Space and Time, Drummond, J., Billen, R., Forrest, D. and João, E. (eds), Taylor and Francis, pp. 141 - 159.

Senbergs, Z., Cartwright, W. E., Black, M. Greenspan, B., and Arrowsmith, C., 2005, “Geographical Storeytelling ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

van-Cüylenburg, P, Black, M. Arrowsmith, C. and Cartwright , W., 2005, “ An Evaluation of Open Source and Commercial Map/GIS Server Software ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

Voller, H., Black, M., Cartwright, W. and Arrowsmith, C., 2005, “An Evaluation of Cartographic Guidelines for Mobile Devices ”, Spatial Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings 2005, Melbourne: Spatial Sciences Institute, ISBN 0-9581366-2-9.

©William Cartwright January 2007